查莫斯·约翰逊
查莫斯·约翰逊简介/查莫斯·约翰逊
查莫斯·约翰逊（ChalmersAshbyJohnson)，被称为日本发展模式概念之父，美国日本政策研究所所长，东亚问题专家。他认为日本政府实际上培育了产业的发展，而在西方经济中政府只是制定游戏的规则。约翰逊把这种发展方式归结为日本的产业结构发生了巨大的变化。在20世纪50年代的前半期和60年代的前半期之间，日本的纤维和纺织品的出口从30％下降到8%,而机械的出口从14％上升到39％。约翰逊认为在60年代和70年代早期的产出和劳动生产率的迅速增长单凭经济，制度和文化是不能解释的，并断言在某些经济战略产业中，政府的产业政策造成了投资率的差异。
查默斯·约翰逊教授先后在加州大学伯克利和圣地亚哥分校任教三十年，曾任这两所大学亚洲政治学领域的讲座教授，在伯克利还任中国研究中心主任和政治系主任。其新著《反弹三部曲》之第一部《反弹：美利坚帝国的代价与后果》（Blowback:TheCostsandConsequencesofAmericanEmpire，2000）和第二部《帝国的悲哀：军国主义、机密体制与共和国的终结》（TheSorrowsofEmpire:Militarism,Secrecy,andtheEndoftheRepublic,2004）已由纽约国际都市图书公司（MetropolitanBooks）出版；
ChalmersAshbyJohnson(born1931)isanAmericanauthorandprofessoremeritusoftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego.Heisalsopresidentandco-founderoftheJapanPolicyResearchInstitute,anorganizationpromotingpubliceducationaboutJapanandAsia.Hehaswrittennumerousbooksincluding,mostrecently,threeexaminationsoftheconsequencesofAmericanEmpire:Blowback(book),TheSorrowsofEmpire,andNemesis:TheLastDaysoftheAmericanRepublic.
Biography/查莫斯·约翰逊
Johnsonwasbornin1931inPhoenix,Arizona.HeearnedaBachelorofArtsdegreeinEconomicsin1953andaMaster’sdegreeandaDoctorofPhilosophyinpoliticalsciencein1957and1961respectively.AllofhisdegreeswerefromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.DuringtheKoreanWar,JohnsonservedasanavalofficerinJapan.HetaughtpoliticalscienceattheUniversityofCaliforniafrom1962untilheretiredfromteachingin1992.HewasbestknownearlyinhiscareerforscholarshipaboutChinaandJapan.
JohnsonsettheagendafortenorfifteenyearsinsocialsciencescholarshiponChinawithhisbookonpeasantnationalism.HisbookMITIandtheJapaneseMiracle,ontheJapaneseMinistryofInternationalTradeandIndustrywasthepreeminentstudyofthecountry’sdevelopmentandcreatedthebustlingsubfieldofwhatcouldbecalledthepoliticaleconomyofdevelopment.Hecoinedtheterm”developmentalstate.”Asapublicintellectual,hefirstledthe”Japanrevisionists”whocritiquedAmericanneoliberalismwithJapanasamodel,butalsoattackedJapanforprotectionism.Duringthisperiod,JohnsonactedasaconsultantfortheOfficeofNationalEstimates,partoftheCentralIntelligenceAgency,contributingtoanalysisofChinaandMaoism.[1]
JohnsonwaselectedaFellowoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesin1976.HeservedasDirectoroftheCenterforChineseStudiesandChairofthePoliticalScienceDepartmentatBerkeley,andheldanumberofimportantacademicpostsinareastudies.Hewasastrongbelieverintheimportanceoflanguageandhistoricaltrainingfordoingseriousresearch.Lateinhiscareerhebecamewellknownasacriticof”rationalchoice”approaches,particularlyinthestudyofJapanesepoliticsandpoliticaleconomy.
JohnsonistodaybestknownasasharpcriticofAmericanimperialism.HisbookBlowbackwonaprizein2001fromtheBeforeColumbusFoundation,andwasre-issuedinanupdatedversionin2004.SorrowsofEmpire,publishedin2004,updatedtheevidenceandargumentfromBlowbackforthepost-9/11environmentandNemesisconcludesthetrilogy.JohnsonwasfeaturedintheEugeneJarecki-directedfilmWhyWeFight(2005film),whichwonthe2005GrandJuryPrizeattheSundanceFilmFestival.Inthepast,JohnsonhasalsowrittenfortheLosAngelesTimes,theLondonReviewofBooks,Harper’sMagazine,andTheNation
TheBlowbacktrilogy/查莫斯·约翰逊
JohnsonbelievestheenforcementofAmericanhegemonyovertheworldconstitutesanewformofglobalempire.Whereastraditionalempiresmaintainedcontroloversubjectpeoplesviacolony,sinceWorldWarIItheUnitedStateshasdevelopedavastsystemofhundredsofmilitarybasesaroundtheworldwhereithasstrategicinterests.Along-timeColdWarrior,JohnsonexperiencedapoliticalawakeningafterthecollapseoftheSovietUnionin1989,notingthatinsteadofdemobilizingitsarmedforces,theUSaccelerateditsrelianceonmilitarysolutionstoproblemsbotheconomicandpolitical.Theresultofthismilitarism(asdistinctfromactualdomesticdefense)ismoreterrorismagainsttheUSanditsallies,thelossofcoredemocraticvaluesathome,andaneventualdisasterfortheAmericaneconomy.
Bibliography/查莫斯·约翰逊
PeasantNationalismandCommunistPower(1962)(ISBN0-8047-0074-5)
AnInstanceofTreason:OzakiHotsumiandtheSorgeSpyRing(1964;expandedin1990)
ChangeinCommunistSystems(1970),ByJeremyR.Azrael,ChalmersA.Johnson,ISBN0-8047-0723-5
ConspiracyatMatsukawa(1972)
IdeologyandPoliticsinContemporaryChina(1973)ByJohnIsrael,ChalmersA.Johnson,ISBN0-2959-5247-4
Japan’sPublicPolicyCompanies(1978)ISBN0-8447-3272-9
RevolutionaryChange(1982)ISBN0-316-46730-8
MITIandtheJapaneseMiracle(1982)
TheIndustrialPolicyDebate(1984)ISBN0-9176-1665-0
Politicsandproductivity:therealstoryofwhyJapanworks(1989)ByChalmersA.Johnson,LauraD’AndreaTyson,ISBN0-8873-0350-1
Japan:WhoGoverns?–TheRiseoftheDevelopmentalState(1995)
Blowback:TheCostsandConsequencesofAmericanEmpire(2000,rev.2004)ISBN0-8050-6239-4
TheSorrowsofEmpire:Militarism,Secrecy,andtheEndoftheRepublic(2004)ISBN0-8050-7004-4
Nemesis:TheLastDaysoftheAmericanRepublic(2007)ISBN0-8050-7911-4